Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction Questions

The most common form in infants is a tricuspid valve with severe central narrowing

Diffuse leaflet thickening is more extreme in older children and young adults

The most common associated anomaly is a ventricular septal defect

It is more prevalent in male infants

Heart failure is common even until late childhood and adolescence

Question 2: Which of the following is true regarding operations for congenital valvar aortic stenosis?

Rudimentary commissures should be divided to prevent late recurrent stenosis

The highest mortality is seen among neonates

The risk of late death is highest among neonates

Most late deaths are from heart failure

Preoperative functional class has little impact on outcome

Question 3: Which of the following is true regarding congenital subvalvar aortic stenosis?

The diffuse or tunnel form is more common than the localized or discrete form

The aortic valve is usually normal

The left ventricle usually develops asymmetric hypertrophy

The majority of patients present with an isolated lesion

Most children require surgery within the first year of life

Question 4: Which of the following is true for operations for congenital subvalvar aortic stenosis?

Resection of muscle below the right coronary cusp should be avoided

The Konno procedure is preferred in the setting of a normal valve and anulus

Early mortality is equivalent for the localized and the diffuse forms

Late death is usually secondary to bacterial endocarditis

The discrete form is associated with increased early and late risk for death

Question 5: Which of the following is true regarding congenital supravalvar aortic stenosis?

The most common form is the diffuse type

Most patients have a dysplastic aortic valve

The most common associated anomaly is Marfan syndrome

Patients usually present in infancy

Sudden death is common in patients with elfin facies and mental retardation

Question 6: Which of the following is true for operations for congenital supravalvar aortic stenosis?

Stenoses of the innominate or left common carotid artery should be left in place

A double flanged patch has equivalent results to a single patch for enlargement of the anulus

Mortality is highest among patients with the localized form

Residual left ventricle-aorta gradients are common

Coexisting pulmonary stenoses should be repaired at the initial operation