The embryonic period is complete at 28 days with the conclusion of bud development.
All conducting airways are present by the 16th week.
Alveolar development is complete at birth.
Differentiation of type I and II alveolar cells occurs after birth.
Bronchial branching occurs rapidly during the canalicular period (16 to 25 weeks).
Question 2: Which of the following statements is true regarding normal alveolar function?
About 75% of all cells in the alveolus are type I epithelial cells.
Type I cells secrete alveolar surfactant, which regulates surface tension.
Corticosteroids inhibit the production of surfactant.
A decrease in the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio below 2.0 occurs just prior to birth.
Type I alveolar epithelial cells have little cytoplasm and few organelles.
Question 3: Which of the following statements is true regarding pulmonary agenesis, aplasia, and hypoplasia?
About 10% of patients with unilateral pulmonary agenesis have other associated anomalies.
Lobar agenesis is more common than total unilateral agenesis.
A hypoplastic lung is missing one or more of the normal anatomic components required for respiration.
Hypoplasia can result from interference of alveolar development by diaphragmatic hernia.
The scimitar syndrome is not associated with unilateral hypoplasia.
Question 4: Which of the following statements is true regarding congenital lobar emphysema?
The normal lung becomes atelectatic and the emphysematous lung compensates.
Extrinsic causes compromise only 5% of all cases of CLE.
An earlier onset of symptoms is associated with a higher likelihood of disease progression.
Mucus plugging is the most common intrinsic cause of CLE.
Support with intubation and positive pressure ventilation is the treatment of choice for the critically ill infant.
Question 5: Which of the following statements is true regarding pulmonary cysts?
Congenital cysts are usually unilateral and confined to one lobe.
Multiple cysts secondary to cystic fibrosis should be resected to halt infection.
Infected cysts should be drained promptly and then treated with cystectomy.
Aspiration or chest tube placement is useful to differentiate a tension cyst from pneumothorax.
Congenital cysts are more commonly found in the upper lobes.
Question 6: Which of the following statements is true regarding congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation?
The lesion has is distinctively firm and rubbery due to anomalous cartilage development.
Type II CCAM is associated with a low incidence of other anomalies.
Mediastinal shift is uncommon with type I CCAM.
Barium swallow may be useful in preoperative diagnosis.
Surgical resection should be delayed until after age 1 to allow adequate growth.
Question 7: Which of the following statements is true regarding bronchogenic cysts?
Most cysts have a small communication with a major airway.
These cysts are most common on the left side.
Air bronchography is the most sensitive diagnostic test.
Obstructive symptoms most commonly occur during the first year of life.
Cyst excision by lobectomy is the treatment of choice.
Question 8: Which of the following statements is true regarding intralobar sequestration?
An aberrant intercostal artery is the most common source of arterial blood supply.
Venous return is usually via the pulmonary veins.
CT scanning does not adequately delineate an intralobar sequestration from normal parenchymal tissue.
Resection should be reserved for symptomatic patients.
Intralobar sequestration most commonly is diagnosed in infancy.
Question 9: Which of the following statements is true regarding extralobar sequestration?
The most common source of arterial supply is a branch of the pulmonary artery.
Extralobar sequestration most commonly is diagnosed in the neonatal period.
The lesion commonly communicates with the tracheobronchial tree.
It is rarely associated with other congenital anomalies.
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