Humanoid Robots in the Operating Room: A Framework for Staged Integration of Embodied AI in Surgery

This article explores the pathways for and challenges and implications of integrating artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled humanoid robotic systems, or embodied AI, into operating rooms (ORs). While AI is being integrated into every area of life with breathtaking speed, its manifestation as humanoid machines necessitates a careful consideration of its applications, innovation, and potential for transformation within the OR. The authors present a framework for the staged deployment of AI-powered humanoid machines, beginning with pre-clinical validation and moving from low-risk tasks to progressively more complex, elevated-risk assistive roles. Establishing a clear pathway into these critical environments is essential to ensure safe, effective AI-guided tasks and OR assistance, ranging from cleaning, environmental services, and sterilization to direct intraoperative assistance.