A 50-year-old woman with severe emphysema due to smoking underwent lung volume reduction surgery of her right upper lobe. A subxiphoid incision measuring 2.5 cm was made, through which the telescope and video-assisted thoracoscopic instruments...
A 31-year-old woman was referred for investigation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy. A large right-sided paratracheal mass of lymph nodes was identified. Possible approaches included the mediastinoscopy via a cervical incision, right...