Finding a heavily calcified and/or atheromatous aorta after sternotomy in a coronary bypass grafting (CABG) operation can be extremely unpleasant. The ideal treatment is a multiarterial off-pump surgery that avoids any aortic manipulation; however, this...
The takedown of the Internal Thoracic Artery (ITA) represents the cornerstone of surgical revascularization. The ITA is employed in almost all patients to graft the left anterior descending (LAD) artery....