Procedure Through a partial superior periareolar skin incision, a small right anterolateral thoracotomy was performed at the 4th intercostal space and a 5 mm 0° thoracoscope was introduced through the same intercostal space 7 cm...
ProcedureA small left anterolateral thoracotomy was performed through the fifth intercostal space to access the left ventricular apex with a 5 cm skin incision. Pericardiotomy and exposure of the left...