A 79-year-old female presented with dyspnea. She had a history of interstitial pneumonia on oral steroid therapy. Further workup revealed severe mitral regurgitation from the anterior leaflet and severe central aortic regurgitation. She was a...
A cardiopulmonary bypass was established through a groin incision. A 10 mm trocar for a 3D-endoscope was inserted through the fourth intercostal space at the midaxillary line. A main small...