University of Pisa, School of Medicine and Surgery (1983-1989)
Transplant Immunology Fellowship, Indiana University School of Medicine (1989-1990)
Surgery Internship, University of California, San Diego (1990-1991)
Surgery Residency, Indiana University (1991-1996)
Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Residency, Loma Linda University (1996-2000)
Congenital Cardiac Surgery Fellowship, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children (2000-2001)
atrial fibrillation surgery
thoracoscopic surgery
minimally invasive cardiac valve surgery
endovascular peripheral vascular interventions
endovascular aortic interventions
complex aortic surgery
off pump coronary artery bypass surgery