Augustana College (B.A. 1974)
Washington University School of Medicine (M.D. 1978)
Washington University, Barnes Hospital, (1978-1985), General Surgery
Texas Heart Institute (1985-1987) Cardiac and Vascular Surgery
U. Cal. San Francisco (1993) Pediatric Heart Surgery
University of St. Thomas, Minneapolis (2007-2009), M.B.A.