Yale University (B.A. 1972)
Medical College of Georgia (M.D. 1977)
University of Michigan Hospitals Surgery Internship (1977-78)
National Institutes of Health, Clinical Associate in Cardiac Surgery (1978-80)
University of Michigan Hospitals Surgery Residency (1980-83)
University of Michigan Hospitals Cardiothoracic Surgery Residency (1983-85)
The Hospital for Sick Children, London - Senior Registrar in Cardiothoracic Surgery (1985-1986)