2025: Status of Cardiac Xenotransplantation Including Preclinical Models

This article examines both preclinical and clinical results in cardiac xenotransplantation, highlighting the ongoing challenges in achieving consistent and durable clinical graft survival. The authors discuss the relative value of preclinical nonhuman primate and human decedent transplant models to optimize patient cross-matching, immune suppression, postoperative monitoring, and graft survival.