Rice University, B.A. 1968 (Biochemistry)
Washington University, St. Louis, M.D. 1972
Johns Hopkins Hospital, Surgical Internship, 1972-73
Johns Hopkins Hospital, Surgical Resident, 1973-74
University of Washington, Seattle, General Surgery Resident 1976-79
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Cardiothoracic Surgery Resident 1979-81
Texas Heart Institute, Heart Transplant Fellow 1993
Kennedy Sch. of Government, Harvard University, MPA, 2003
Clinical Professor of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
University of Texas, San Antonio, B.S. summa cum laude, 1999 (Mechanical Engineering)